Quran Verses about Friday prayer
The Quran commands the believers to hasten to the remembrance of Allah and leave off trade when called to the Friday prayer, then to disperse and seek Allah's bounty once the prayer is over. Its verses also rebuke those who left the Prophet standing during the sermon, and command silence while the Quran is recited, which Jalalain links to not speaking during the Friday sermon.
The command to attend the Friday prayer and leave off trade
يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوٓاْ إِذَا نُودِيَ لِلصَّلَوٰةِ مِن يَوۡمِ ٱلۡجُمُعَةِ فَٱسۡعَوۡاْ إِلَىٰ ذِكۡرِ ٱللَّهِ وَذَرُواْ ٱلۡبَيۡعَۚ ذَٰلِكُمۡ خَيۡرٞ لَّكُمۡ إِن كُنتُمۡ تَعۡلَمُونَ ٩
Yāʾayyuhal-ladhīna āmanū idhā nūdiya liṣ-ṣalāti miy yawmil-jumuʿati fasʿaw ilā dhikrillāhi wadharul-bayʿ, dhālikum khayrul lakum in kuntum taʿlamūn.
O you who have believed, when [the adhān] is called for the prayer on the day of Jumuʿah [Friday], then proceed to the remembrance of Allāh and leave trade. That is better for you, if you only knew.
فَإِذَا قُضِيَتِ ٱلصَّلَوٰةُ فَٱنتَشِرُواْ فِي ٱلۡأَرۡضِ وَٱبۡتَغُواْ مِن فَضۡلِ ٱللَّهِ وَٱذۡكُرُواْ ٱللَّهَ كَثِيرٗا لَّعَلَّكُمۡ تُفۡلِحُونَ ١٠
Fa idhā quḍiyatiṣ-ṣalātu fantashirū fil-arḍi wabtaghū min faḍlillāhi wadhkurullāha kathīral laʿallakum tufliḥūn.
And when the prayer has been concluded, disperse within the land and seek from the bounty of Allāh, and remember Allāh often that you may succeed.
Conduct during the Friday sermon
وَإِذَا قُرِئَ ٱلۡقُرۡءَانُ فَٱسۡتَمِعُواْ لَهُۥ وَأَنصِتُواْ لَعَلَّكُمۡ تُرۡحَمُونَ ٢٠٤
Wa idhā quriʾal-qurʾānu fastamiʿū lahū wa anṣitū laʿallakum turḥamūn.
So when the Qur’ān is recited, then listen to it and pay attention that you may receive mercy.
وَإِذَا رَأَوۡاْ تِجَٰرَةً أَوۡ لَهۡوًا ٱنفَضُّوٓاْ إِلَيۡهَا وَتَرَكُوكَ قَآئِمٗاۚ قُلۡ مَا عِندَ ٱللَّهِ خَيۡرٞ مِّنَ ٱللَّهۡوِ وَمِنَ ٱلتِّجَٰرَةِۚ وَٱللَّهُ خَيۡرُ ٱلرَّٰزِقِينَ ١١
Wa idhā raʾaw tijāratan aw lahwaninfaḍḍū ilayhā wa tarakūka qāʾimā, qul mā ʿindallāhi khayrum minal-lahwi wa minat-tijārah, wallāhu khayrur-rāziqīn.
But [on one occasion] when they saw a transaction or a diversion, [O Muḥammad], they rushed to it and left you standing. Say, "What is with Allāh is better than diversion and than a transaction, and Allāh is the best of providers."